Albitera · Iodine
Albitera follows the element from its building-in to a messenger molecule, through its attachment to plasma proteins, all the way to the carrier proteins of the cell membrane — and quotes alongside it the one sentence the European Union has cleared for iodine in connection with energy-yielding metabolism.
Open the PanoramaFrom uptake in the gut to the inside of a cell, this element changes its state several times. It is chemically locked into a larger molecule, pinned to proteins in the blood and only at the very end, in a minute quantity, ushered through a cell membrane. Each of these three places has its own participants, and none of them happens by itself.
Iodine is taken up as iodide. Firmly bound, it is then found on the ring of the amino acid tyrosine, within a class of compounds known as the iodothyronines. These molecules are formed in a gland tissue at the front of the neck; from there they make their way into the blood.
In blood plasma these molecules do not drift about loosely. Well over ninety-nine percent sit on transport proteins, above all on a globulin, and beside it on transthyretin and on albumin. Only a tiny remainder stays unbound.
The fatty envelope of a cell is no open door for these molecules. The crossing is taken over by dedicated membrane proteins, listed in the literature under abbreviations such as MCT8, MCT10 and OATP1C1. Which of them a cell produces differs from tissue to tissue.
| Binding partner | Share |
|---|---|
| Thyroxine-binding globulin | about 75% |
| Transthyretin | 10 to 15% |
| Albumin | 10 to 15% |
| unbound fraction | under 0.05% |
The figures come from physiological review articles and vary with the measurement method. They are no part of the legal text quoted further below.
Iodine contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolismEU-authorized wording · Regulation (EU) No 432/2012
Anyone who looks into minerals easily pictures the connection as something immediate: the meal here, the outcome there. With iodine that picture does not fit. The large bound quantity in the plasma works like a store that cushions the ups and downs of single days, and that is exactly why the connection described here cannot be read off one meal.
For thyroxine, the molecule with four iodine atoms, the literature gives a residence time in the plasma of roughly a week; the three-atom form disappears considerably faster. This long half-life is no accident but a consequence of the firm attachment to the plasma proteins: what is bound is neither broken down quickly nor sent out through the kidney.
Many quantities in the body are readjusted minute by minute. The level described here works more slowly: if intake changes, the stock of bound molecules shifts only over days and weeks. For the diet this means that habit across a longer stretch of time counts, and not the single portion.
Neither carrier proteins nor binding proteins nor a half-life turn up in the legal text. What stands there is one single, narrowly framed formulation, reviewed by the European Food Safety Authority and afterwards entered into a list by the EU Commission: Iodine contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism. Those are the words authorized under Regulation (EU) No 432/2012. Everything else on this page is background from the physiological literature and does not widen that sentence.
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